Video
Healthy Communities: Positive Body ImageBody image comparison -
Additionally, the reliability of our results might be somewhat limited as our study is based on self-reported information which can be highly biased. In addition, the application of a theory about social comparison and peer-group pressure could broaden overall data interpretation.
Social media do have the potential via sport-related content to motivate people to do sports, but at the same time, also some negative effects can be observed that should be prevented.
Moreover, our results show that the influence of social media on the sport-related body image varies between person. The kind of sports as well as the individual approach to the own body seem to be the main moderating variables.
In general, it is evident that the body images classified by society are increasingly difficult to achieve and thus, harbor more risks for physical and mental health. The attempt to achieve the given ideal of beauty is associated with effort and social pressure.
Notably, from a clinical perspective, this rise of social media and its content comprise a wide variety of dangers, from emerging social pressures to cyberbullying. Thus, especially education and sensibilization are needed to avoid the internalization of certain ideals of beauty and body shape in order to reduce the harmful effects associated with body dissatisfaction.
Finally, tailored research is needed to assess the impact of sport-related use of social media more differentiated, and to establish, for example, suitable awareness interventions and user guidelines. Moreno MA, Binger K, Zhao Q, Eickhoff J, Minich M, Uhls YT.
Digital technology and media use by adolescents: latent class analysis. JMIR Pediatr Parent. Article Google Scholar. Bolton R, Parasuraman A, Hoefnagels A, et al. Understanding generation Y and their use of social media: A review and research agenda. J Serv Manag. Cataldo I, Burkauskas J, Dores AR, et al.
An international cross-sectional investigation on social media, fitspiration content exposure, and related risks during the COVID self-isolation period.
J Psychiatr Res. Vuong AT, Jarman HK, Doley JR, McLean SA. Social media use and body dissatisfaction in adolescents: the moderating role of thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation. Int J Environ Res Public Health.
Pilgrim K, Bohnet-Joschko S. Selling health and happiness how influencers communicate on Instagram about dieting and exercise: mixed methods research. BMC Public Health.
Watson A, Murnen SK, College K. Gender differences in responses to thin, athletic, and hyper-muscular idealized bodies. Body Image. Vandenbosch L, Fardouly J, Tiggemann M.
Social media and body image: recent trends and future directions. Curr Opin Psychol. Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Wertheim EH. Take idealized bodies out of the picture: a scoping review of social media content aiming to protect and promote positive body image.
Tiggemann M, Zaccardo M. J Health Psychol. Cwynar-Horta J. The commodification of the body positive movement on Instagram. Stream Interdiscip J Commun. Betz DE, Ramsey LR.
Holland G, Tiggemann M. Int J Eat Disord. Kim J, Uddin ZA, Lee Y, et al. A systematic review of the validity of screening depression through Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat.
J Affect Disord. Cataldo I, De Luca I, Giorgetti V, et al. Fitspiration on social media: body-image and other psychopathological risks among young adults.
A narrative review. Emerg Trends Drugs Addict Health. Barron AM, Krumrei-Mancuso EJ, Harriger JA. The effects of fitspiration and self-compassion Instagram posts on body image and self-compassion in men and women. Cohen R, Blaszczynski A. Comparative effects of Facebook and conventional media on body image dissatisfaction.
J Eat Disord. Lev-Ari L, Baumgarten-Katz I, Zohar AH. Show me your friends, and I shall show you who you are: the way attachment and social comparisons influence body dissatisfaction. Eur Eat Disord Rev. Uhlmann LR, Donovan CL, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Bell HS, Ramme RA.
Homan K. Athletic-ideal and thin-ideal internalization as prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction, dieting, and compulsive exercise. Cohen R, Newton-John T, Slater A. The case for body positivity on social media: perspectives on current advances and future directions.
Anixiadis F, Wertheim EH, Rodgers R, Caruana B. Effects of thin-ideal Instagram images: the roles of appearance comparisons, internalization of the thin ideal and critical media processing. Clement U, Löwe B.
Der" Fragebogen zum Körperbild FKB ". Literaturüberblick, Beschreibung und Prüfung eines Messinstrumentes. Google Scholar. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press; Albani C, Blaser G, Geyer M, et al. Überprüfung und Normierung des" Fragebogen zum Körperbild" FKB von Clement und Löwe an einer repräsentativen deutschen Bevölkerungsstichprobe.
Z Med Psychol. Liu R, Menhas R, Dai J, Saqib ZA, Peng X. Fitness apps, live streaming workout classes, and virtual reality fitness for physical activity during the COVID lockdown: an empirical study. Front Public Health.
Brierley ME, Brooks KR, Mond J, Stevenson RJ, Stephen ID. PLoS ONE. Aanesen SM, Notøy RRG, Berg H. The Re-shaping of bodies: a discourse analysis of feminine athleticism. Front Psychol.
Mayoh J, Jones I. J Med Internet Res. Carrotte ER, Prichard I, Lim MS. Kaczinski A, Hennig-Thurau T, Sattler H. Accessed 28 July Pelletier MJ, Krallman A, Adams FG, Hancock T.
J Res Interact Mark. Vaterlaus JM, Patten EV, Roche C, Young JA. Gettinghealthy: the perceived influence of social media on young adult health behaviors.
Comput Hum Behav. Easton S, Morton K, Tappy Z, Francis D, Dennison L. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. J Acad Nutr Diet.
Pegoraro A, Kennedy H, Agha N, Brown N, Berri D. An analysis of broadcasting media using social media engagement in the WNBA. Front Sports Act Living. Carrotte ER, Vella AM, Lim MS. Boepple L, Thompson JK. A content analytic comparison of fitspiration and thinspiration websites.
Schoenenberg K, Martin A. Bedeutung von Instagram und Fitspiration-Bildern für die muskeldysmorphe Symptomatik. Jiotsa B, Naccache B, Duval M, Rocher B, Grall-Bronnec M. Raggatt M, Wright CJC, Carrotte E, et al.
Frederick DA, Reynolds TA. The value of integrating evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives on body image. Arch Sex Behav. McClendon E. Fashion and physique: size, shape, and body politics in the display of historical dress.
In: Cooks BR, Wagelie JJ, editors. Mannequins in museums: power and resistance on display. London: Routledge; Chapter Google Scholar. A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes.
Mills JS, Musto S, Williams L, Tiggemann M. Download references. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
This research received no external funding. Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany. Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, Germany.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. KK, TR and KB conceptualized the study; TR conducted the investigation and was in contact with participants; KK and TR curated the data; KK and TR carried out statistical analysis; KK wrote the original draft; KB reviewed and edited the writing.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Kristina Klier. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. More than just that, we all need to spend less time on social media and connect with people face to face in real time.
So, we know human nature values physical beauty, but what does God say about it? We often hold the misconception that women and girls have all the pressure to measure up to standards of physical beauty, but that is not true.
Men and boys suffer with body image issues and eating disorders much more than is commonly recognized. Jesus Himself, who was sent by God to bring salvation to the world, was, apparently, nothing special to look at. But at the same time, the Bible encourages us to care for our bodies and respect ourselves enough to value every aspect of our humanity including our bodies.
From the creation account in Genesis, we learn that both men and women are made with Imago Dei , or the Image of God. We are made in the image and likeness of God, that alone is enough to establish what we are worth and how much we are valued by God. But there is more than Imago Dei to encourage us to care for our bodies.
You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore, honor God with your bodies. We are body, mind and spirit and have the image of God stamped on all aspects of personhood, and we also have the Holy Spirit given to us to be our comfort and promised presence of God.
We should do what we can to keep our bodies healthy, and steward well the body we have been given to honor God and fulfill our purpose. While the causes of body dissatisfaction are considered multifaceted, and include biological, evolutionary, psychological and sociocultural factors Polivy and Herman, ; Ferguson et al.
However, the extent to which social media influences body dissatisfaction is debated and the evidence is inconsistent; some studies find associations between social media use and body dissatisfaction Fardouly et al.
Furthermore, the inferences that can be drawn regarding social media effects may also be limited by methodological issues in the literature, such as the inability to capture the dynamic, interactive, and personalized nature of social media within a controlled environment or failure to use appropriate controls and procedures to account for demand characteristics Fardouly and Vartanian, Nonetheless, concurring with previous systematic reviews e.
These limitations may result in an over-estimate of the effect size; consequently, the small effects in this meta-analysis do not necessarily confirm the existence of effects and therefore must be considered as suggestive.
Adolescence is also a particularly vulnerable time for body image Voelker et al. Sociocultural theories of body image, such as the Tripartite model Thompson et al. These body-related messages are proposed to give rise to body dissatisfaction directly and indirectly via two mediating mechanisms: internalization of and appearance comparisons with body ideals.
Because the body ideals that individuals internalize are largely unrealistic and unattainable, failure to exemplify these ideals becomes a source of body dissatisfaction when these ideals are valued as a personal goal Thompson et al.
Social media are highly visual, appearance focused platforms that extend opportunities to engage in these body dissatisfaction-inducing behaviors Rodgers and Melioli, Adolescents have been found to endorse and strive for these ideals, despite acknowledging the unrealistic nature of these bodies Edcoms and Credos, ; Burnette et al.
Consistent with the Tripartite model, comparisons with celebrities, sports stars, and peers who embody these ideals on social media have been reported by adolescents to give rise to feelings of body dissatisfaction Edcoms and Credos, ; Burnette et al.
Boys have also been found to perceive social media as a more positive, motivating influence on their body image vs. girls who tend to report that social media exerts more negative effects on their body image Bell et al.
Boys are also thought to be protected somewhat from exposure to aesthetic body ideals, because they value body functionality over aesthetics Grogan and Richards, However, given the methodological issues mentioned previously, the strength of relationship between social media and body image requires more robust examination.
Although appearance-related behaviors on social media have been suggested as a risk factor for body image Saiphoo and Vahedi, , little research has investigated ways that adolescents manage challenging social media content or strategies they use to buffer the negative effects of these behaviors.
It is important to understand the ways that users interact with social media, because the possible body-related outcomes arising from social media use are likely to be the result of complex, reciprocal transactions between the media content and the social media user Valkenburg and Peter, ; Perloff, Additionally, while studies have investigated ways to protect and promote adolescent body image in general, social media is a unique sociocultural context that may require specific strategies to help improve body image Perloff, Existing approaches to addressing body-dissatisfaction on social media involve teaching social media literacy in order to reduce the credibility of media messages and subsequent body ideal internalization and appearance comparison behaviors McLean et al.
Although one study found a social media literacy program to be effective in producing gains in body image outcomes in adolescent girls McLean et al. Although these findings are preliminary, meta-analyses from traditional media literacy interventions indicate that although media literacy programs are effective in increasing knowledge about the media, they do not substantially change body image outcomes McLean et al.
Understanding the strategies if any that adolescents use can inform the design of interventions such that they target self-protective skills that are in need of cultivation or further development among adolescents.
While adolescents in this sample endorsed behaviors associated with body dissatisfaction on social media, including using photo-based platforms, engaging in appearance-related behaviors and making appearance comparisons Rodgers and Melioli, , they identified several factors that helped protect their body image when using social media.
Girls reported that they consciously avoided undesirable social media posts that invoked appearance comparisons or body image concerns as a way of protecting their body image.
While this gave adolescents a sense of personal agency over social media use, it was not regarded as a wholly effectual strategy because it was difficult to avoid unsolicited body related content on social media.
Participants also evinced high social media literacy levels as they were critical of the body ideals encountered on social media, regarding them as edited, photoshopped, and unrealistic.
Protective filtering is an aspect of positive body image that involves selectively internalizing messages that promote positive body image and rejecting negative body-related information Andrew et al. Protective filtering has been found to buffer the negative effects of exposure to idealized body-related content in the media in adults Andrew et al.
However, it is unclear whether the findings of these focus groups are generalizable across adolescents because the sample was relatively small and came from a single-sex, private school that taught social media literacy and critical thinking skills and encouraged an ethos of body appreciation, diversity, and confidence, which was reported to facilitate this protective filtering of social media content.
Outside of this study, little research has investigated if adolescents use protective filtering strategies on social media and whether these filtering skills can be fostered in adolescents, including those with negative body image.
It is not known whether adolescents engage with this content and whether it exerts protective effects on their body image perceptions Bell et al. Furthermore, little is known about the strategies that adolescent boys use to protect and promote body image. However, body image has been recognized an increasingly important issue for boys Parent, , and has been found to be influenced by social media to a similar extent in both boys and girls Saiphoo and Vahedi, Boys and girls may face different body-related challenges and pressures on social media Kenny et al.
Both adolescent boys and girls were included in the study because little is known about coping or management strategies used, especially by boys, to address gender-specific issues on social media.
This study aimed to inform intervention and prevention efforts in the area of body image on social media. Focus groups investigated how adolescents managed challenging body-related content and promoted positive body image on social media.
Focus groups were used because they provide a rich and ecologically valid insight into the opinions and lived experiences of participants in their own words and from their own perspectives Greene and Harris, Focus groups were favored over one-to-one interviews for this kind of exploratory work because they facilitate greater elaboration of ideas and provide a vocabulary to discuss topics Heary and Hennessy, ; Greene and Harris, In accordance with guidelines Heary and Hennessy, , single sex focus groups consisting of 6—9 participants were conducted as adolescents have been found to be more comfortable about opening up and discussing sensitive issues in single rather than mixed sex groups.
Focus groups were guided using an interview schedule, which asked adolescents about their experiences and perceptions of body image on social media, the appearance-related challenges they faced on social media and the ways they manage these challenges.
Given the exploratory nature of the research, conversations were allowed to flow freely, and the researcher was free to pursue related topics if they were mentioned. The study was only open to fourth year students who used social media and who received parental consent to participate.
Four focus groups were conducted, three with girls only and one with boys only see Table 1. Focus groups were audio recorded using an Olympus WS voice recorder and qualitative analysis software, MAXQDA Version and 3 How do you manage challenging appearance-focused content on social media?
Full ethical approval was received from the ethics committee at Trinity College Dublin. Permission from school principals was obtained to allow the study to be hosted in schools and for students to participate in the study.
Informed consent from parents and informed assent from participants was obtained prior to study commencement. Focus groups were conducted on the school premises and participants were assigned to focus groups based on their class group. Focus groups were conducted by two female researchers; the primary researcher led the discussion, while the secondary researcher took notes and kept track of time.
Focus groups lasted approximately 30—50 min and participants were offered refreshments, thanked and debriefed afterward. Focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim by the primary researcher CM and were analyzed using thematic analysis.
The analysis was guided by six step procedure of Braun and Clarke , which involved firstly becoming familiar with the data by transcribing data, reading transcripts and listening to audio recordings Step 1.
Then, initial semantic codes were generated and assigned to the data using MAXQDA software Step 2. Semantic coding, which involves characterization of explicit, surface meaning of content was deemed the most appropriate form of coding of the personal experiences pertinent to the research question.
This approach allows for a straightforward exploration of motivations, experiences, and meaning, which were the focus of the research questions. These codes were organized into a coding frame containing concise labels and descriptions for codes was established.
Related codes were grouped together to form themes and subthemes Step 3. An inductive approach, which allows themes to emerge from the data rather than being informed by pre-existing literature, was applied to generate themes Thomas, These themes were refined by reviewing the data at the level of the coded extracts and entire data sets to ensure that distinct, coherent themes were generated Step 4.
Themes and subthemes were assigned names and definitions Step 5. To verify whether these themes characterized the data, inter-rater agreement was conducted both on codes within the coding frame and final themes identified in the data.
As recommended by Breen , an independent researcher not involved in hosting focus groups used MAXQDA to review the coded transcriptions and indicate their agreement or disagreement with each of the pre-existing codes and themes; they could also suggest additional codes and themes. Finally, themes were described and contextualized within relevant literature on social media and body image in adolescents Step 6.
These steps were conducted in an iterative, recursive manner. The researcher adopted a reflexive approach and acknowledged that their own biases and backgrounds shaped the data obtained and the way it was interpreted.
Adolescents reported that they were prolific, habitual users of social media, showing preferences for appearance focused platforms; adolescents, especially girls explicitly reported that they felt social media exerted a mostly negative influence on their body image. Girls strove to attain female body ideals, while boys largely endorsed functionality ideals; appearance comparisons tended to induce body dissatisfaction when these appearance-related goals were not met.
Adolescent girls were perceived to invest more in appearance-related behaviors on social media and to experience greater levels body-related pressure, dissatisfaction and self-criticism than boys. Appearance comparisons with peers, social media influencers, and celebrities were identified as the main sources of body dissatisfaction on social media.
Thematic analysis revealed two key themes, and various subthemes pertaining to the management of body image on social media by adolescents.
Adolescents reported using avoidant strategies and unfollowing content that contained body-ideals and reducing their social media use. Avoiding social comparisons was emphasized as a core strategy to protect body image. Boys believed that they could control the outcomes of social media use by selecting content that promoted their self-image.
However, girls reported that they did not actively select positive content as they felt that all body-related content on social media was damaging. Even content designed to improve body image, such as body-positive content, was viewed skeptically by girls.
While girls acknowledged and lauded increased efforts to promote body-acceptance, they held reservations about the effectiveness of these efforts. Participants also found it difficult to endorse messages of body acceptance when they were delivered by individuals who embodied body ideals.
Participants found it difficult to believe that these individuals struggled with body image concerns and thus were reluctant to buy into the notions of acceptance that these individuals were promoting.
Although girls felt limited in their ability to engage in positive body-related content, especially on Instagram, some girls actively chose to engage with VSCO, an alternative social media platform that was considered less damaging for body image.
VSCO appeared to provide an alternative venue for girls to safely explore their body image without fears of overt judgment from others. However, its use was mentioned by girls in one school, and even among this group Instagram surpassed VSCO in terms of popularity despite the negative effects associated with Instagram.
Psychologically distancing oneself from comparison targets was a common strategy utilized by both boys and girls. Focusing on differences between the goals and values of comparison targets vs. themselves served to increase the psychological distance from these targets in boys and lessen their desire or drive to attain these bodies.
Some girls attained psychological distance from targets by focusing on the manipulated, edited nature of the images. While this distancing strategy worked for some, most girls noted that idealized images negatively affected them regardless of the knowledge of their manipulation and this limited the effectiveness of psychological distancing.
Both boys and girls reported that reflective practices such as taking a step back, conducting reality checks and looking at the bigger picture enabled them to reassure themselves. Other strategies mentioned by adolescents involved reframing or putting a positive spin on challenging content.
One boy suggested that focusing on goals and achievement rather than focusing on discrepancies and feeling self-pity enabled him to process social media content in a healthier way.
You are not going to move forward at all. If you just take — just watch whoever, take inspiration, try work yourself, if you want to be like them, work yourself towards being like them. Ceasing to judge others and oneself was also mentioned by a few participants, however, it was acknowledged that this was difficult to achieve.
One girl stressed the value of maintaining a compassionate mindset and endorsed the notion that everyone struggles with the same issues and not to be so harsh and critical toward oneself. And because of that we are kind of blind. Some participants, particularly girls, reported that they felt social media negatively influenced their body image perceptions.
Limiting their social media use and avoiding, unfollowing, or ignoring problematic body related content were the strategies most used by adolescents to protect their body image on social media. However, as found by Burnette et al. Adolescents were aware of targeted advertising and the fact that their newsfeeds were often propagated with content that they did not necessarily want or chose to see; this limited their perceived control over social media use, especially among girls.
Some boys, on the other hand, reported that they actively sought out and selected positive content that inspired them to exercise or helped them improve in some way.
It should be noted that the number of boys in the present study was relatively small. Adolescent girls did not appear to engage in such active selection strategies as they felt that any content related to body image exerted negative effects on them, including content designed to promote positive body image.
Although the influence of body positive content on adolescent body image perceptions requires further research, these findings indicate that adolescent girls experienced social media as a largely negative and disempowering space for body image.
However, VSCO was a photo-sharing platform that was preferred by some girls to Instagram because it did not contain feedback indices such as likes, comments, followers and subsequently did not put as much appearance-related pressure on girls.
VSCO has not previously featured in body image research and is worthy of further research attention because it represents a platform that may contain protective features for body image, namely the lack of hierarchical popularity structures or feedback indices.
Body image comparison compparison Body image comparison to debate the influence of social media Herbal sexual health supplements body imae, increased social ikage use, Body image comparison comaprison in appearance-related behaviors Body image comparison be a potential risk factor for body dissatisfaction in adolescents. Little Bdy has investigated how adolescents process appearance-related content and the potential strategies they use to protect body image perceptions on social media. Thematic analysis revealed that adolescents employed many different behavioral strategies such as avoiding negative content and selecting positive content. Cognitive processing strategies such as critically evaluating body-related content, psychologically distancing from and positively reframing challenging content were also used, although less frequently. Boys appeared to exhibit greater positive agency over their bodies and social media use and tended to use more active coping styles than girls. Chad Radniecki, PsyD, LP. Children Bovy teens grow Body image comparison change every Amino acid availability. Not only do they develop comparkson keen sense of the Body image comparison, they also develop a Body image comparison of who they are and comaprison they view themselves. One of the most important tasks of childhood, and especially adolescence, is identity development. As humans, we are stricken with what I often refer to as "the comparison disease. This leads to both positive self-views when comparing ourselves favorably and negative self-views when comparing ourselves unfavorably. There are numerous reasons why children and teens develop low self-esteem, low self-confidence or poor body image.
Ich entschuldige mich, aber meiner Meinung nach lassen Sie den Fehler zu. Geben Sie wir werden besprechen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden umgehen.
Ich entschuldige mich, aber meiner Meinung nach lassen Sie den Fehler zu. Geben Sie wir werden es besprechen.