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Age, sex, body Czrbohydrates index Nadnumber of household members, income Carbohhdrates, and region A,lergies residence were Carbohydrahes for ajd covariates. Of the participants, Allergic rhinitis was significantly correlated with high-fat and low-carbohydrate diets.
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Citation: Kim SY, Sim Diabetic retinopathy prevention strategies, Park Goal visualization techniques, Kim Cadbohydrates, Choi Carbkhydrates High-Fat and Ane Diets Are Associated abd Allergic Allerhies But Alllergies Asthma or Atopic Dermatitis in Alleggies.
PLoS ONE 11 2 : e Editor: Kottarappat N. Dileepan, University of Kansas Allergoes Center, Ans STATES. Received: Lemon-lime electrolyte mix annd, ; Accepted: CCarbohydrates 10, ; Published: February 26, Copyright: © Kim Carbohhdrates al.
Amd is an open Allregies article distributed Cabohydrates the terms of Allegries Creative Alleegies Attribution Licensewhich Alergies unrestricted Allsrgies, distribution, and reproduction in Carbbohydrates medium, provided the original author and source are credited. doCatbohydrates is freely available Allergeis researchers who agree Carbohyxrates conform to ethical research principles.
Funding: This work was supported by Alleggies Research Grant funded by Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital HURF Anv work was supported, Alergies part, by a research grant NRFR1D1A1A Carbbohydrates by the Lemon-lime electrolyte mix Research Foundation NRF nad Korea.
Competing Carbohydfates The authors have declared that Cargohydrates competing interests exist. Strategies to lower cancer risk diseases, including allergic rhinitis, Carhohydrates, and rhinoconjunctivitis, Cagbohydrates common chronic diseases.
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Carbohyydrates environmental and Carbohydrwtes factors likely increase this prevalence. For instance, several studies have Carbohtdrates a possible link between allergic diseases and Green tea benefits factors Allergifs 10 — 13 ].
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Excessive fat consumption is one of the notable characteristics of the modern westernized diet pattern because of the high intake of fast food, meats, Carbihydrates confections.
Znd, the high-fat Carbohydrahes of modern life might partially Carhohydrates for the recent increased prevalence of allergic diseases. Because Carbohydrares previous research has provided only cross-sectional Allrrgies epidemiologic evidence, the causal Strong weight loss pills relating fat intake and allergic diseases remain elusive; however, Czrbohydrates immunologic Herbal detox supplements of fat might mediate Cargohydrates relationship between Carbohydgates conditions [ 14 ].
Other Allefgies asthma, allergic diseases, Allrrgies as Carbohydrztes rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, have not been examined in this regard. Moreover, few studies have concurrently analyzed multiple nutritional factors Cxrbohydrates both macro- and micronutrients.
Therefore, we Carbohydrate investigated the relationship between allergic diseases and numerous nutritional factors. Moreover, much of the past research has been limited with conflicting results most likely because of the confounding effects of covariates and heterogeneous study populations.
The present study attempted to minimize these limitations by adjusting for numerous possible confounders within a large, representative sample. The Institutional Review Board of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention approved this study CONC, CONC, and EXPC. Permission via written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of each participating child prior to the survey.
This study employed a cross-sectional design that used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey KNHANESwhich includes information from the entire nation.
The survey includes a health interview, a nutritional survey, and physical examinations. Statistical methods were applied based on the sampling design using adjusted weighted values.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Korea collected the KNHANES data; the data collected from to were analyzed. Within each of those years, a panel selected districts.
Within those districts, 20 households were sampled to represent the entire Korean population. The surveys evaluated data from the civilian, non-institutionalized South Korean population using a stratified, multistage, clustered sampling method based on national census data. The statisticians who performed the post-stratification weighted the sample and accounted for both non-response rates and extreme values.
Of the 25, total participants, we excluded participants who were under 4 years old or over 13 years old 22, participants ; did not perform the nutritional survey; or had no record of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, the number of household members, income level, or region of residence participants.
A total of 3, participants 1, male; 1, female, aged 4 to 13 years old comprised the final sample Fig 1. Among a total of 25, participants, participants under 4 or over 13 years old or participants without record of nutritional survey, allergic diseases history, and other incomplete data was excluded.
Resultant 3, participants were comprised of 2, participants with allergic rhinitis, 2, participants with asthma, and 2, participants with atopic dermatitis. Trained staff collected food intake data using the complete hour recall method. Answers on specific days e.
The intake amount was compared with the recommended dietary intake amount for Korea [ 17 ]. Therefore, the proportions of total calories, total protein, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin for each participant were calculated after adjusting for age and sex.
The intake of protein was calculated as the proportion of the age- and sex-matched recommended intake amount for individuals in Korea.
However, no recommended intake amounts exist for fat and carbohydrates, and their intake in proportion to total intake calories is more important than the amount of intake. Unlike other nutritional components, balancing among protein, fat and carbohydrates is the most important factor regarding fat and carbohydrate intake measurements [ 17 ].
Thus, fat and carbohydrates were measured as the distribution of intake calories in total intake calories rather than the proportion of age- and sex-matched recommended intake. After dividing household income by the square root of the number of household members, monthly income was divided into 4 quartiles from top to bottom: low, low middle, upper middle, and high.
The regions of residence were divided into 2 groups: urban Seoul, Gyeonggi, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan and rural Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju. The participants were asked about their histories of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis.
Participants with histories of medical diagnoses were recorded as positive. To represent the entire Korean population, each surveyed population was weighted for specific value according to factors such as age, sex, and region of residence.
The rate of differences regarding sex, BMI group, income level, and region of residence were compared using the chi-square test with the Rao-Scott correction. Two-tailed analyses were conducted, and P -values lower than 0. After applying the weighted values recommended by the KNHANES, all of the simple and multiple logistic regression analysis results were presented as weighted values.
The results were analyzed using SPSS ver. In totals, The study included 1, participants without any type of allergic diseases; participants had one type of allergic disease, while and 27 participants had two and three types of allergic diseases, respectively.
The age, sex, and income level significantly differed across the groups with regard to the presence of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis, respectively. Other socioeconomic factors such as the number of household members and region of residence did not significantly differ across groups with regard to the presence of allergic diseases Table 1.
Among the various nutritional factors, the amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates, thiamine, and niacin significantly differed with regard to the presence of allergic rhinitis Table 2. Each nutritional factor was analyzed with regard to its relationship to allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis.
No other nutritional factor was related to asthma or atopic dermatitis. We conducted a subgroup analysis by age group and sex S1 Table. The present study was stronger than others given that we concurrently considered various nutritional factors including total calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin by adjusting their effects.
These comprehensive considerations of various nutritional factors allowed the investigation of the adjusted contribution of each nutritional factor to allergic diseases, in contrast to previous studies, in which only a limited number of variables were considered [ 19 — 21 ]. In addition, several demographic and socioeconomic factors were adjusted to improve the reliability of the results.
Fat intake was significantly and positively related to allergic rhinitis in the present study. Similar to our results, previous studies have demonstrated positive relationships between fat intake and allergic rhinitis and asthma [ 1419 — 21 ].
Although no direct evidence can explain the causal relationship between fat consumption and allergic diseases, several immunologic and epidemiologic studies have come to this conclusion. Certain types of fatty acids play an essential role in immune reactions. For instance, linoleic acid is a precursor of arachidonic acid, which is subsequently converted to prostaglandin E2 PGE2 [ 1 ].
PGE2 activates and augments the allergic immune reaction by promoting the synthesis of immunoglobulin E IgE. PGE2 inhibits the formation of interferon-r IFNr but not that of interleukin-4 IL-4 in T-lymphocytes. Because IL-4 promotes whereas IFN-r interferes with the synthesis of IgE, the net effect of linoleic acid is an increase in the formation of IgE, which in turn enhances allergic reactions.
Consistent with these findings, it has been suggested that trans fatty acids are associated with the prevalence of childhood asthma and allergies, likely due to their influence on the desaturation and chain elongation of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids into inflammatory mediators including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, thereby impairing immune reactions and contributing to atopic disease [ 2223 ].
In fact, it has been observed that infants with increased trans fatty acid plasma levels show changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids similar to those of atopic patients [ 2425 ]. On the other hand, carbohydrates were negatively related to allergic diseases in the present study.
To our knowledge, no prior study has found a relationship between carbohydrate consumption and allergic diseases in humans; however, some animal studies provide clues regarding the effect of carbohydrates on allergic diseases.
The early supplements of specific oligosaccharides before and during pregnancy significantly mitigate acute allergic skin responses and lung resistance but increase regulatory T-cell concentrations, thereby leading to decreased sensitization and allergies in mice [ 2627 ].
The plausible mechanism for these immune modulations away from the allergic reaction remains somewhat elusive; however, specific carbohydrate epitopes, such as galactose-a-1,3-galactose and galacto-oligosaccharides, can induce acute allergic reactions during ingestion [ 28 ]. Although carbohydrates are rarely immunogenic compared with protein, they can induce allergic reactions through cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants or specific epitopes [ 29 ].
Based on the hygiene hypothesis, less exposure to carbohydrates might have made our participants susceptible to carbohydrate allergies because of the lack of immunity to these epitopes [ 30 ]. Several types of nutritional factors, including protein, thiamine, and niacin, showed slight but significant correlations with allergic rhinitis.
: Carbohydrates and Allergies| What is a food allergy? | Prebiotic Foods List CAS PubMed Google Scholar Alledgies IB. Measure advertising performance. This carbohydrate is found in mammalian meat i. Aalberse RC, Koshte V, Clemens JG. Biol Chem. |
| We Recommend | Therefore, we simultaneously investigated the relationship between allergic diseases and numerous nutritional factors. Moreover, much of the past research has been limited with conflicting results most likely because of the confounding effects of covariates and heterogeneous study populations. The present study attempted to minimize these limitations by adjusting for numerous possible confounders within a large, representative sample. The Institutional Review Board of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention approved this study CONC, CONC, and EXPC. Permission via written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of each participating child prior to the survey. This study employed a cross-sectional design that used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey KNHANES , which includes information from the entire nation. The survey includes a health interview, a nutritional survey, and physical examinations. Statistical methods were applied based on the sampling design using adjusted weighted values. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Korea collected the KNHANES data; the data collected from to were analyzed. Within each of those years, a panel selected districts. Within those districts, 20 households were sampled to represent the entire Korean population. The surveys evaluated data from the civilian, non-institutionalized South Korean population using a stratified, multistage, clustered sampling method based on national census data. The statisticians who performed the post-stratification weighted the sample and accounted for both non-response rates and extreme values. Of the 25, total participants, we excluded participants who were under 4 years old or over 13 years old 22, participants ; did not perform the nutritional survey; or had no record of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, the number of household members, income level, or region of residence participants. A total of 3, participants 1, male; 1, female, aged 4 to 13 years old comprised the final sample Fig 1. Among a total of 25, participants, participants under 4 or over 13 years old or participants without record of nutritional survey, allergic diseases history, and other incomplete data was excluded. Resultant 3, participants were comprised of 2, participants with allergic rhinitis, 2, participants with asthma, and 2, participants with atopic dermatitis. Trained staff collected food intake data using the complete hour recall method. Answers on specific days e. The intake amount was compared with the recommended dietary intake amount for Korea [ 17 ]. Therefore, the proportions of total calories, total protein, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin for each participant were calculated after adjusting for age and sex. The intake of protein was calculated as the proportion of the age- and sex-matched recommended intake amount for individuals in Korea. However, no recommended intake amounts exist for fat and carbohydrates, and their intake in proportion to total intake calories is more important than the amount of intake. Unlike other nutritional components, balancing among protein, fat and carbohydrates is the most important factor regarding fat and carbohydrate intake measurements [ 17 ]. Thus, fat and carbohydrates were measured as the distribution of intake calories in total intake calories rather than the proportion of age- and sex-matched recommended intake. After dividing household income by the square root of the number of household members, monthly income was divided into 4 quartiles from top to bottom: low, low middle, upper middle, and high. The regions of residence were divided into 2 groups: urban Seoul, Gyeonggi, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan and rural Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju. The participants were asked about their histories of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Participants with histories of medical diagnoses were recorded as positive. To represent the entire Korean population, each surveyed population was weighted for specific value according to factors such as age, sex, and region of residence. The rate of differences regarding sex, BMI group, income level, and region of residence were compared using the chi-square test with the Rao-Scott correction. Two-tailed analyses were conducted, and P -values lower than 0. After applying the weighted values recommended by the KNHANES, all of the simple and multiple logistic regression analysis results were presented as weighted values. The results were analyzed using SPSS ver. In totals, The study included 1, participants without any type of allergic diseases; participants had one type of allergic disease, while and 27 participants had two and three types of allergic diseases, respectively. The age, sex, and income level significantly differed across the groups with regard to the presence of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis, respectively. Other socioeconomic factors such as the number of household members and region of residence did not significantly differ across groups with regard to the presence of allergic diseases Table 1. Among the various nutritional factors, the amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates, thiamine, and niacin significantly differed with regard to the presence of allergic rhinitis Table 2. Each nutritional factor was analyzed with regard to its relationship to allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. No other nutritional factor was related to asthma or atopic dermatitis. We conducted a subgroup analysis by age group and sex S1 Table. The present study was stronger than others given that we concurrently considered various nutritional factors including total calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin by adjusting their effects. These comprehensive considerations of various nutritional factors allowed the investigation of the adjusted contribution of each nutritional factor to allergic diseases, in contrast to previous studies, in which only a limited number of variables were considered [ 19 — 21 ]. In addition, several demographic and socioeconomic factors were adjusted to improve the reliability of the results. Fat intake was significantly and positively related to allergic rhinitis in the present study. Similar to our results, previous studies have demonstrated positive relationships between fat intake and allergic rhinitis and asthma [ 14 , 19 — 21 ]. Although no direct evidence can explain the causal relationship between fat consumption and allergic diseases, several immunologic and epidemiologic studies have come to this conclusion. Certain types of fatty acids play an essential role in immune reactions. For instance, linoleic acid is a precursor of arachidonic acid, which is subsequently converted to prostaglandin E2 PGE2 [ 1 ]. PGE2 activates and augments the allergic immune reaction by promoting the synthesis of immunoglobulin E IgE. PGE2 inhibits the formation of interferon-r IFNr but not that of interleukin-4 IL-4 in T-lymphocytes. Because IL-4 promotes whereas IFN-r interferes with the synthesis of IgE, the net effect of linoleic acid is an increase in the formation of IgE, which in turn enhances allergic reactions. Consistent with these findings, it has been suggested that trans fatty acids are associated with the prevalence of childhood asthma and allergies, likely due to their influence on the desaturation and chain elongation of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids into inflammatory mediators including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, thereby impairing immune reactions and contributing to atopic disease [ 22 , 23 ]. In fact, it has been observed that infants with increased trans fatty acid plasma levels show changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids similar to those of atopic patients [ 24 , 25 ]. On the other hand, carbohydrates were negatively related to allergic diseases in the present study. To our knowledge, no prior study has found a relationship between carbohydrate consumption and allergic diseases in humans; however, some animal studies provide clues regarding the effect of carbohydrates on allergic diseases. The early supplements of specific oligosaccharides before and during pregnancy significantly mitigate acute allergic skin responses and lung resistance but increase regulatory T-cell concentrations, thereby leading to decreased sensitization and allergies in mice [ 26 , 27 ]. The plausible mechanism for these immune modulations away from the allergic reaction remains somewhat elusive; however, specific carbohydrate epitopes, such as galactose-a-1,3-galactose and galacto-oligosaccharides, can induce acute allergic reactions during ingestion [ 28 ]. Although carbohydrates are rarely immunogenic compared with protein, they can induce allergic reactions through cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants or specific epitopes [ 29 ]. Based on the hygiene hypothesis, less exposure to carbohydrates might have made our participants susceptible to carbohydrate allergies because of the lack of immunity to these epitopes [ 30 ]. Several types of nutritional factors, including protein, thiamine, and niacin, showed slight but significant correlations with allergic rhinitis. These proteins or micronutrients might play unknown but essential roles in allergic reactions. The very large sample sizes in the present study enabled us to detect these small but statistically significant effects at the population level. Therefore, our results might not assess the effects of the low intake of these nutrients. Further studies based on children with deficiencies of each nutrient will delineate clear associations between these nutrient factors and allergic diseases. Although asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis are related to allergic immune reactions, the first two conditions did not manifest any relationship with the studied nutritional factors. This lack of a relationship might explain why allergic rhinitis was more prevalent than asthma and atopic dermatitis and potentiate statistical power in the present study. Furthermore, various factors other than the allergic immune response might influence the pathogenesis of asthma and atopic dermatitis. Because asthma is a lower airway disease, many factors other than allergic immune reactions might contribute to its pathogenesis. For instance, wheezing in children is associated with various respiratory diseases, especially respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus RSV [ 31 ]. Atopic dermatitis is an allergic skin disease caused by cutaneous barrier malfunction and inflammation as well as the interaction of the allergic immune system and skin microorganisms [ 32 ]. Compared with these allergic diseases, allergic rhinitis is an upper airway disease without lower airway or cutaneous pathophysiology effects. The present study provided valuable epidemiologic evidence demonstrating the significant correlations between allergic rhinitis and both high-fat and low-carbohydrate diets by considering many nutritional, demographic, and socioeconomic factors in a large and representative sample of Korean children. Moreover, we confined the age groups of the children, who have different physiological characteristics than adults. We also conducted subgroup analyses by age. The attenuation of these statistical significance values might be due to the limited study population resulting from the subgrouping strategy. However, the present study has some unavoidable limitations. Its cross-sectional study design was unable to determine a causal relationship between allergic diseases and nutritional factors. Furthermore, although we considered numerous confounders in our models, others such as home environment, lifestyle, and exercise habits might remain [ 33 ]. In terms of independent variables, we concurrently analyzed numerous nutritional factors, thereby enhancing the value of the present study over others; however, we did not considered subtypes of fat e. In addition, the KNHANES was based on retrospective self-reports; therefore, recall bias remains an issue. The presence of allergic diseases was surveyed without objective tests such as skin tests. Because the KNHNES database only contained serum IgE levels in participants older than 9 years in , we could not objectively determine the presence of allergic diseases in younger children in the present study. Furthermore, the complete hour recall method may better represent dietary habits on a population level than on an individual level. In an interdisciplinary team, researchers from several institutes of Helmholtz Munich in cooperation with other research institutions used epidemiological data from two German birth cohorts to decipher links between increased consumption of digestible carbohydrates and the prevalence of asthma and to disentangle effects due to carbohydrates from those due to fat consumption. The analysis was based on data from subjects aged 15 years. To investigate underlying molecular mechanisms, allergic endpoints of high-carbohydrate diet-fed mice were compared to those of high-fat diet-fed mice using models of allergic lung disease. In the human cohort, the researchers observed that sucrose consumption increases asthma frequency primarily in male participants, while starch is more associated with asthma in female participants. Closer examination of the mechanisms in mouse models revealed that feeding a high-carbohydrate diet during the development of allergic lung inflammation is associated with increased oxidative stress in the lungs and a diminished systemic antioxidant capacity compared to high-fat diet feeding. The consequence of high-carbohydrate diet feeding is the increased risk of developing asthma. If confirmed in human intervention trials, these results could provide new impetus for dietary recommendations for the prevention and treatment of asthma and allergic lung disease. Musiol et al. Helmholtz Munich researchers have discovered, that air pollutants activate previously dormant herpes viruses leading to a immune response. These new findings are now published in ASC Nano. We use cookies to improve your experience on our Website. We need cookies to continually improve our services, enable certain features, and when we embed third-party services or content, such as the Vimeo video player or Twitter feeds. These people are sensitive to insulin, which is a good thing and allows blood sugar to move efficiently from their blood into their cells. The difficulty that the body has dealing with carbohydrates and keeping the blood sugar levels normal due to insulin resistance is carbohydrate intolerance. The body doesn't respond normally to carbohydrate intake, and higher carbohydrate intake only worsens the problem. The longer this goes on, the more likely you are to develop prediabetes, which then often progresses to type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance often develop years before the development of prediabetes and diabetes. Without intervention, the carbohydrate intolerance gets worse over time. The pancreas tries to keep up the best it can, but it eventually falls behind. This is when sugar levels start to rise to levels which are in the prediabetes, and eventually diabetes, range. It's unclear why some individuals handle carbohydrates better than others and why some people progress to insulin resistance, carbohydrate intolerance, and eventually to prediabetes and diabetes. We believe this is probably affected by a number of factors including your genes, how you eat, your activity level, and your weight, but there is no good way to predict if and when this will occur. If you have a family history of type 2 diabetes, have struggled to lose weight or keep weight off, or have had many years of exposure to a high-carbohydrate diet, you are more likely to have insulin resistance and experience carbohydrate intolerance. Common signs and symptoms associated with high blood sugar and carbohydrate intolerance include:. If you have type 2 diabetes, you are carbohydrate intolerant. Diseases related to carbohydrate intolerance—such as prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and obesity— can often be reversed and put into remission with the right lifestyle changes. A low-carbohydrate diet is one of the best-studied methods for reversing these diseases. Here are some other foods and beverages to limit or avoid:. While being carbohydrate intolerant can make it harder to manage your diabetes and lose weight, you can take steps to support your health with the right meal plan and medical guidance. |
| Carbohydrate Sensitivities | Mari A. IgE to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants: analysis of the distribution and appraisal of the in vivo and in vitro reactivity. Wicklein D, Linder B, Moll H, Kolarich D, Altmann F, Becker WM, et al. Carbohydrate moieties can induce mediator release: a detailed characterization of two major timothy grass pollen allergens. Biol Chem. Jin C, Hantusch B, Hemmer W, Stadlmann J, Altmann F. Affinity of IgE and IgG against cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants on plant and insect glycoproteins. Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M, et al. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose. N Engl J Med. Commins SP, Satinover SM, Hosen J, Mozena J, Borish L, Lewis BD, et al. Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose. Kennedy JK, Stallings AP, Platts-Mills TAE, Oliveira W, Workman LT, James HR, et al. Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose and delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, and urticaria in children. This study presents data related to tick bites inducing the IgE Ab response to alpha-gal. The report is the first example of a response to an ectoparasite giving rise to an important form of food allergy. The results also document that tick bites can induce high titers of IgE antibodies to a single oligosaccharide epitope. Article Google Scholar. An association between tick bite reactions and red meat allergy in humans. Med J Aust. As early as , Dr. van Nunen had recognized patients who developed allergic reactions to meat after being bitten by ticks in the bush north of Sydney. Mullins RJ, James H, Platts-Mills TA, Commins S. Relationship between red meat allergy and sensitization to gelatin and galactose-α-1,3-galactose. Jacquenet S, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Bihain BE. Mammalian meat-induced anaphylaxis: clinical relevance of anti-galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose IgE confirmed by means of skin tests to cetuximab. Morisset M, Richard C, Astier C, et al. Anaphylaxis to pork kidney is related to IgE antibodies specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. The data emphasize the wide range of mammalian foods that are eaten in Europe, which includes not only horse, goat, and rabbit meat but also kidneys, stomach, and other organs. In the USA, venison, bear, and squirrel are common, but they are less common causes of reactions. Jappe U. Update on meat allergy: α-Gal: a new epitope, a new entity? Hamsten C, Tran TA, Starkhammar M, Brauner A, Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA, et al. Red meat allergy in Sweden: association with tick sensitization and B-negative blood groups. Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar. Gonzalez-Quintela A, Dam Laursen AS, Vidal C, Skaaby T, Gude F, Linneberg A. IgE antibodies to alpha-gal in the general adult population: relationship with tick bites, atopy, and cat ownership. The prevalence of sIgE to alpha-gal has not been a lingering question. The prevalence of alpha-gal sIgE antibodies in two general adult European populations Denmark and Spain was found to be 5. The presence of alpha-gal sIgE antibodies was associated with a history of tick bites, atopy, and cat ownership. Sekiya K, Fukutomi Y, Nakazawa T, Taniguchi M, Akiyama K. Delayed anaphylactic reaction to mammalian meat. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. Lee JH, Kim JH, Kim TH, Kim SC. Delayed mammalian meat-induced anaphylaxis confirmed by skin test to cetuximab. J Dermatol. Ebo DG, Faber M, Sabato V, Leysen J, Gadisseur A, Bridts CH, et al. Sensitization to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose alpha-gal : experience in a Flemish case series. Acta Clin Belg. Hamsten C, Starkhammar M, Tran TA, Johansson M, Bengtsson U, Ahlén G, et al. Identification of galactose-α-1,3-galactose in the gastrointestinal tract of the tick Ixodes ricinus; possible relationship with red meat allergy. Initial demonstration of alpha-gal as a moiety present in ticks. These findings provide direct support for the view that antigens within the tick are the cause of the IgE Ab response after tick bites. Spiro RG, Bhoyroo VD. Occurrence of α-D-galactosyl residues in the thyroglobulins from several species. Localization in the saccharide chains of the complex carbohydrate units. Macher BA, Galili U. The Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc-R α-Gal epitope: a carbohydrate of unique evolution and clinical relevance. Paschinger K, Fabini G, Schuster D, Rendić D, Wilson IB. Definition of immunogenic carbohydrate epitopes. Acta Biochim Pol. Koike C, Fung JJ, Geller DA, Kannagi R, Libert T, Luppi P, et al. Molecular basis of evolutionary loss of the alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in higher primates. Larsen RD, Rivera-Marrero CA, Ernst LK, Cummings RD, Lowe JB. Frameshift and nonsense mutations in a human genomic sequence homologous to a murine UDP-Gal:beta-D-Gal 1,4 -D-GlcNAc alpha 1,3 -galactosyltransferase cDNA. Galili U, Mandrell RE, Hamadeh RM, Shohet SB, Griffiss JM. Interaction between human natural anti-alpha-galactosyl immunoglobulin G and bacteria of the human flora. CAS PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar. Springer GF, Horton RE. Blood group isoantibody stimulation in man by feeding blood group-active bacteria. J Clin Invest. Galili U, Macher BA, Buehler J, Shohet SB. Human natural anti-alpha-galactosyl IgG. The specific recognition of alpha 1—3 -linked galactose residues. J Exp Med. Galili U, Buehler J, Shohet SB, Macher BA. The human natural anti-Gal IgG. The subtlety of immune tolerance in man as demonstrated by crossreactivity between natural anti-Gal and anti-B antibodies. Galili U, Rachmilewitz EA, Peleg A, Flechner I. A unique natural human IgG antibody with anti-alpha-galactosyl specificity. Tangvoranuntakul P, Gagneux P, Diaz S, Bardor M, Varki N, Varki A. Human uptake and incorporation of an immunogenic nonhuman dietary sialic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jefferis R. Glycosylation as a strategy to improve antibody-based therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov. Mohiuddin MM, Ogawa H, Yin DP, Galili U. Tolerance induction to a mammalian blood group-like carbohydrate antigen by syngeneic lymphocytes expressing the antigen, II: tolerance induction on memory B cells. Diagnosis is clinical and by small-bowel biopsy. read more , acute intestinal infections [see Gastroenteritis Overview of Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications read more ]. In infants, temporary secondary disaccharidase deficiency may complicate enteric infections or abdominal surgery. Recovery from the underlying disease is followed by an increase in activity of the enzyme. Congenital enzyme deficiencies are rare and include deficiencies of lactase or sucrase-isomaltase. A child who cannot tolerate lactose develops diarrhea after ingesting significant amounts of milk and may not gain weight. An affected adult may have watery diarrhea, bloating, excessive flatus, nausea, borborygmi, and abdominal cramps after ingesting lactose. The patient often recognizes early in life that dairy causes gastrointestinal problems and avoids eating dairy products. Symptoms typically require ingestion of more than the equivalent of to mL 8 to 12 oz of milk. Diarrhea may be severe enough to purge other nutrients before they can be absorbed. Symptoms may be similar to and can be confused with irritable bowel syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS Irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by recurrent abdominal discomfort or pain with at least two of the following characteristics: relation to defecation, association with a change in frequency Most people with lactase deficiency can tolerate up to to mL 8 to 12 oz of milk; symptoms that occur after consuming much smaller amounts may suggest another diagnosis. Lactose intolerance can usually be diagnosed with a careful history supported by dietary challenge or a lactose-free diet. Milk allergy is rare in adults and also may cause vomiting and symptoms of esophageal reflux, which are not manifestations of carbohydrate intolerance. These test results should be correlated with symptoms for assessment of lactose intolerance; a few standardized questionnaires are available. In the hydrogen breath test also called the lactose breath test , 50 g of lactose is given orally and the hydrogen produced by bacterial metabolism of undigested lactose is measured with a breath meter at 2, 3, and 4 hours postingestion. Oral lactose 1. Serum glucose is measured before ingestion and 60 and minutes after. Gasbarrini A, Corazza GR, Gasbarrini G, et al : Methodology and indications of H2-breath testing in gastrointestinal diseases: The Rome Consensus Conference. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 29 supplement 1 :1—49, doi: The allergy involves a carbohydrate known as Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose also known as Alpha-gal. This carbohydrate is found in mammalian meat i. In some people, the allergy is limited only to beef or other meats that have a high fat content. Alpha-gal is also found in protein powder, dairy products, gelatin and the cancer drug Cetuximab; allergy to these products has also been reported. A small percentage of the people who have been bitten by a lone star tick can develop the allergy. Both adults and children are susceptible. The allergy can manifest as hives, angiodema swelling of skin and tissue , gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, headaches, a drop in blood pressure, and in certain individuals, anaphylaxis. Allergic reaction typically occurs between four and eight hours after consuming red meat. This delay in allergic reaction is unusual because most food allergies occur immediately after consumption of the offending food. |
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Several types of nutritional factors, including protein, thiamine, and niacin, showed slight but significant correlations with allergic rhinitis.
These proteins or micronutrients might play unknown but essential roles in allergic reactions. The very large sample sizes in the present study enabled us to detect these small but statistically significant effects at the population level. Therefore, our results might not assess the effects of the low intake of these nutrients.
Further studies based on children with deficiencies of each nutrient will delineate clear associations between these nutrient factors and allergic diseases. Although asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis are related to allergic immune reactions, the first two conditions did not manifest any relationship with the studied nutritional factors.
This lack of a relationship might explain why allergic rhinitis was more prevalent than asthma and atopic dermatitis and potentiate statistical power in the present study. Furthermore, various factors other than the allergic immune response might influence the pathogenesis of asthma and atopic dermatitis.
Because asthma is a lower airway disease, many factors other than allergic immune reactions might contribute to its pathogenesis.
For instance, wheezing in children is associated with various respiratory diseases, especially respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus RSV [ 31 ].
Atopic dermatitis is an allergic skin disease caused by cutaneous barrier malfunction and inflammation as well as the interaction of the allergic immune system and skin microorganisms [ 32 ].
Compared with these allergic diseases, allergic rhinitis is an upper airway disease without lower airway or cutaneous pathophysiology effects. The present study provided valuable epidemiologic evidence demonstrating the significant correlations between allergic rhinitis and both high-fat and low-carbohydrate diets by considering many nutritional, demographic, and socioeconomic factors in a large and representative sample of Korean children.
Moreover, we confined the age groups of the children, who have different physiological characteristics than adults. We also conducted subgroup analyses by age.
The attenuation of these statistical significance values might be due to the limited study population resulting from the subgrouping strategy.
However, the present study has some unavoidable limitations. Its cross-sectional study design was unable to determine a causal relationship between allergic diseases and nutritional factors.
Furthermore, although we considered numerous confounders in our models, others such as home environment, lifestyle, and exercise habits might remain [ 33 ]. In terms of independent variables, we concurrently analyzed numerous nutritional factors, thereby enhancing the value of the present study over others; however, we did not considered subtypes of fat e.
In addition, the KNHANES was based on retrospective self-reports; therefore, recall bias remains an issue. The presence of allergic diseases was surveyed without objective tests such as skin tests.
Because the KNHNES database only contained serum IgE levels in participants older than 9 years in , we could not objectively determine the presence of allergic diseases in younger children in the present study.
Furthermore, the complete hour recall method may better represent dietary habits on a population level than on an individual level. A dietary history or a semi-qualitative food frequency questionnaire would be a better method for assessing associations between diet and diseases.
Nevertheless, the complete hour recall method remains one of the most commonly used tools among retrospective nutritional surveys. Additional studies with prospective, longitudinal designs are warranted to address these problems.
Allergic rhinitis was significantly correlated with both high-fat and low-carbohydrate diets among children. Although making thorough adjustments for numerous confounders in a large, representative sample reinforced the reliability of our results, these relationships must be considered with regard to the dietary habits and other characteristics of the population i.
Because diet is a modifiable factor, the relationships between allergic rhinitis and both fat and carbohydrate intake likely have significant clinical implications, especially with regard to preventive medicine. We gratefully acknowledge the participants and examiners of the Division of Chronic Disease Surveillance at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Korea for participating in this survey and for the dedicated work they provided.
This work was supported by a Research Grant funded by Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital HURF The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The manuscript was edited for English language, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and overall style by highly qualified native English-speaking editors at American Journal Experts. The English in this document has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
For a certificate, please see:. Conceived and designed the experiments: SYS HGC. Performed the experiments: SYS HGC. Analyzed the data: SYS HGC. Wrote the paper: JHK. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures.
Abstract Background Numerous studies have suggested that nutritional intake is related to allergic diseases. Methods A total of 3, participants, aged 4 to 13 years old, were enrolled in the present study from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey KNHANES , — Results Of the participants, Conclusion Allergic rhinitis was related to high-fat and low-carbohydrate diets.
Dileepan, University of Kansas Medical Center, UNITED STATES Received: August 27, ; Accepted: February 10, ; Published: February 26, Copyright: © Kim et al. Introduction Allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis, are common chronic diseases.
Materials and Methods Sample and Data Collection The Institutional Review Board of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention approved this study CONC, CONC, and EXPC.
Download: PPT. Fig 1. A flow sheet of participant selection in the present study. Survey Trained staff collected food intake data using the complete hour recall method. Statistical Analysis To represent the entire Korean population, each surveyed population was weighted for specific value according to factors such as age, sex, and region of residence.
Results In totals, Table 1. General Characteristics by Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Atopic Dermatitis. Table 2. Analysis of Nutritional Factors According to the Presence of Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Atopic Dermatitis.
Table 3. Odd ratios for the nutritional factors regarding allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis using a multiple logistic regression analysis with complex sampling. Conclusions Allergic rhinitis was significantly correlated with both high-fat and low-carbohydrate diets among children.
Supporting Information. S1 Table. s DOCX. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the participants and examiners of the Division of Chronic Disease Surveillance at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Korea for participating in this survey and for the dedicated work they provided.
Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: SYS HGC. References 1. Togias A. Rhinitis and asthma: evidence for respiratory system integration.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. Mallol J, Crane J, von Mutius E, Odhiambo J, Keil U, Stewart A, et al. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood ISAAC Phase Three: a global synthesis. Allergol Immunopathol Madr ;41 2 : 73— View Article Google Scholar 3. Zhang Y, Zhang L.
Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in china. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res ;6: — Mortz CG, Andersen KE, Dellgren C, Barington T, Bindslev-Jensen C. Atopic dermatitis from adolescence to adulthood in the TOACS cohort: prevalence, persistence and comorbidities.
Allergy ; — Eder W, Ege MJ, von Mutius E. The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Global Atlas of Allergy Available from: www.
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View Article Google Scholar 8. Branum AM, Lukacs SL. Food allergy among children in the United States. Asher MI, Montefort S, Björkstén B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys.
Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ergin A, Guler N. Dietary habits and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in 6 to 7-year-old schoolchildren in Turkey. Effects of dietary habits and risk factors on allergic rhinitis prevalence among Turkish adolescents.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol ; — Nwaru BI, Takkinen HM, Kaila M, Erkkola M, Ahonen S, Pekkanen J, et al. Food diversity in infancy and the risk of childhood asthma and allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol ; — Seo JH, Kwon SO, Lee SY, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, et al.
Association of antioxidants with allergic rhinitis in children from seoul. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res ;5: 81— Raj D, Kabra SK, Lodha R. Childhood obesity and risk of allergy or asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am ; — Nurmatov U, Devereux G, Sheikh A.
Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Institute RRD. Food composition table. Suwon, Korea: Rural Resource Development Institute, Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans Korea: The Korean Nutrition Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Clin Exp Allergy ; — Black PN, Sharpe S. Dietary fat and asthma: is there a connection? Eur Respir J ; 6— Lumia M, Luukkainen P, Kaila M, Tapanainen H, Takkinen HM, Prasad M, et al.
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The allergy can manifest as hives, angiodema swelling of skin and tissue , gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, headaches, a drop in blood pressure, and in certain individuals, anaphylaxis. Allergic reaction typically occurs between four and eight hours after consuming red meat.
This delay in allergic reaction is unusual because most food allergies occur immediately after consumption of the offending food. This allergy can be acquired when a person is bitten by a lone star tick.
A physician or allergist is able to diagnose acquired red meat allergy by performing a blood test, and sending the blood sample to a laboratory for testing. There is no cure for this allergy, but persons suffering from non-life-threatening allergic reactions can be treated with over the counter antihistamines.
If the reaction is severe, such as low blood pressure or anaphylaxis, a visit to the nearest emergency room is imperative where a dosage of epinephrine may need to be administered. The acquired red meat allergy can be prevented by avoiding exposure to lone star ticks.
Lone star ticks are the most common tick species to bite people in Virginia. If the person has a history of acquired red meat allergy, then all mammalian meats should be avoided. In some individuals, the allergy will diminish over time, particularly if there are no further exposures to lone star tick bites.
Remove attached ticks as soon as possible. Most tick borne disease transmission occurs once ticks have been attached for longer than 24 hours.
Food Hypoglycemia prevention is Crbohydrates adverse Allrrgies response Exercise performance nutrition specific food proteins, resulting Lemon-lime electrolyte mix chronic inflammation Prebiotic Foods List the gastrointestinal Alleergies lining. Only a small number of patients are allergic to carbohydrates and fats. Food allergy can occur in children and adults, often accompanied by other allergies, especially severe atopic dermatitis in children. David J. Food allergies vary by country, reflecting dietary differences. In Asia, Malaysia, Japan, Thailand, and South Korea, the most common food allergies are to seafood, soba noodles, and wheat flour spaghetti. In Europe, the US, and Australia, legume and tree nut allergies are also common.
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