Swelling in the brain, also known as cerebral edema. Adjusting the blood sugar level too quickly can cause the brain to swell. This appears to be more common in children, especially those with newly diagnosed diabetes. Untreated, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to loss of consciousness and, eventually, death.

There are many ways to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and other diabetes complications. Manage your diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Take diabetes medicines or insulin as directed.

Monitor your blood sugar level. You might need to check and record your blood sugar level at least 3 to 4 times a day, or more often if you're ill or stressed. Careful monitoring is the only way to make sure that your blood sugar level stays within your target range. Adjust your insulin dosage as needed.

Talk to your health care provider or diabetes educator about how to make your insulin dosage work for you. Consider factors such as your blood sugar level, what you eat, how active you are, and whether you're ill. If your blood sugar level begins to rise, follow your diabetes treatment plan to return your blood sugar level to your target range.

Check your ketone level. When you're ill or stressed, test your urine for excess ketones with a urine ketones test kit.

You can buy test kits at a drugstore. If your ketone level is moderate or high, contact your health care provider right away or seek emergency care. If you have low levels of ketones, you may need to take more insulin.

Be prepared to act quickly. If you think you have diabetic ketoacidosis because your blood sugar is high and you have too many ketones in your urine, seek emergency care. By Mayo Clinic Staff. Oct 06, Show References. DKA ketoacidosis and ketones.

American Diabetes Association. Accessed Sept. Diabetic ketoacidosis DKA. Merck Manual Professional Version. Hirsch IB, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults: Treatment. Ferri FF. Diabetic ketoacidosis. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor Elsevier; Evans K. Diabetic ketoacidosis: Update on management. Clinical Medicine. Associated Procedures.

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Medical Professionals. Clinical Trials. Mayo Clinic Alumni Association. Refer a Patient. Executive Health Program. International Business Collaborations. Supplier Information. Admissions Requirements. Degree Programs. Research Faculty. International Patients. Financial Services. In most cases, these conditions develop as a result of diabetes damaging blood vessels in places like your eyes, heart and kidneys.

Some common complications of diabetes include:. Home Services Diabetes Care Diabetes Complications. Complications of Diabetes Having diabetes, whether Type 1 or Type 2 , puts you at greater risk for developing other medical conditions that can affect your ability to see, walk and enjoy a good quality of life.

What Are the Complications of Diabetes? Some common complications of diabetes include: Diabetes eye complications. Damage to blood vessels in the eyes can begin even in someone with prediabetes , the condition that often precedes Type 2 diabetes. Over time, this can lead to the development of diabetic eye disease, a group of eye problems including glaucoma, cataracts and diabetic retinopathy that can impair your ability to see.

Diabetic ketoacidosis DKA. This life-threatening condition, which is a more common complication of Type 1 than Type 2 diabetes, develops when ketones, chemicals that convert fat into energy, build up in the blood and make blood more acidic.

DKA signifies that your diabetes is out of control, and it requires emergency medical attention. Diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes causes nerve damage that mainly affects the legs and feet and sometimes the digestive system.

Especially in the feet, diabetic neuropathy leads to reduced sensation and the ability to know if the foot is injured. Because neuropathy can impair wound healing, people with diabetes are encouraged to check their feet daily.

Complications can lead to serious vision problems: Vitreous hemorrhage. Retinal detachment. The abnormal blood vessels associated with diabetic retinopathy stimulate the growth of scar tissue, which can pull the retina away from the back of the eye.

This can cause spots floating in your vision, flashes of light or severe vision loss. New blood vessels can grow in the front part of your eye iris and interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, causing pressure in the eye to build. This pressure can damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain optic nerve.

Diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, glaucoma or a combination of these conditions can lead to complete vision loss, especially if the conditions are poorly managed.

If you have diabetes, reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy by doing the following: Manage your diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Try to get at least minutes of moderate aerobic activity, such as walking, each week.

Take oral diabetes medications or insulin as directed. Monitor your blood sugar level. You might need to check and record your blood sugar level several times a day — or more frequently if you're ill or under stress. Ask your doctor how often you need to test your blood sugar. Ask your doctor about a glycosylated hemoglobin test.

The glycosylated hemoglobin test, or hemoglobin A1C test, reflects your average blood sugar level for the two- to three-month period before the test. Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control. Eating healthy foods, exercising regularly and losing excess weight can help.

Sometimes medication is needed, too. If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your doctor to help you quit. Smoking increases your risk of various diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy. Pay attention to vision changes. Contact your eye doctor right away if your vision suddenly changes or becomes blurry, spotty or hazy.

Does keeping a proper blood sugar level prevent diabetic macular edema and other eye problems? By Mayo Clinic Staff. Feb 21, Show References. National Eye Institute.

Accessed Feb. Mayo Clinic, Fraser CE, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: Classification and clinical features. American Optometrics Association. Diabetic retinopathy: Prevention and treatment.

The diabetes advisor: Eye exams for people with diabetes. American Diabetes Association. Zhang HW, et al. Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Nair AA, et al. Spotlight on faricimab in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration: Design, development and place in therapy.

Drug Design, Development and Therapy. Chodnicki KD expert opinion. Mayo Clinic. News from Mayo Clinic. Diabetes and your eyes. Can medicine help prevent diabetic macular edema? Diabetic macular edema. Show more related content.

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All of this reduces the risk of damage to the retina. It can also help slow down how quickly your retinopathy gets worse and can prevent future vision loss. If you have a dilated eye examination regularly, you and your doctor can find diabetic retinopathy before it has a chance to get worse.

For most people, this will mean an eye examination every year. Finding retinopathy early gives you a better chance of avoiding vision loss and blindness. Surgery, laser treatment, or medicine may help slow the vision loss caused by diabetic retinopathy.

You may need to be treated more than once as the disease gets worse. Diabetes damages small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to reduced blood flow. When these changes affect the tiny blood vessels in the eyes, diabetic retinopathy may occur.

In the early stage of diabetic retinopathy, tiny blood vessels in the eye weaken and develop small bulges that may burst and leak into the retina. Later, new fragile blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These blood vessels may break and bleed into the eye, clouding vision and causing scar tissue to form.

The scar tissue may pull on the retina, leading to retinal detachment. Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the wall of the eye. This can lead to vision loss. You may have diabetic retinopathy for a long time without noticing any symptoms.

Typically, retinopathy does not cause noticeable symptoms until significant damage has occurred and complications have developed. Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy and its complications may include:. Diabetic retinopathy begins as a mild disease.

During the early stage of the disease, the small blood vessels in the retina become weaker and develop small bulges called microaneurysms. These microaneurysms are the earliest signs of retinopathy and may appear a few years after the onset of diabetes.

They may also burst and cause tiny blood spots hemorrhages on the retina. But they do not usually cause symptoms or affect vision. At this stage, treatment is not required.

As retinopathy progresses, fluid and protein leak from the damaged blood vessels and cause the retina to swell. This may cause mild to severe vision loss, depending on which parts of the retina are affected.

If the centre of the retina macula is affected, vision loss can be severe. Swelling and distortion of the macula macular edema , which results from a buildup of fluid, is the most common complication of retinopathy.

Macular edema treatment usually works to stop and sometimes reverse your loss of vision. In some people, retinopathy gets worse over the course of several years and progresses to proliferative retinopathy.

In these cases, reduced blood flow to the retina stimulates the growth proliferation of fragile new blood vessels on the surface of the retina. As the new blood vessels multiply, one or more complications may develop and damage the person's vision.

These complications can include:. Any of these later complications may cause severe, permanent vision loss. Your risk for diabetic retinopathy depends largely on two things: how long you have had diabetes and whether or not you have kept good control of your blood sugar.

You can control some risk factors, which are things that may increase your risk for diabetic retinopathy and its complications. Risk factors that you can control include:. If you have type 2 diabetes and use the medicine rosiglitazone Avandia, Avandamet to treat your diabetes, you may have a higher risk for problems with the centre of the retina the macula.

Health Canada, the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA , and the makers of the drug have warned that taking this medicine could cause swelling in the macula, which is called macular edema. Call your doctor now if you have diabetes and notice:.

Watchful waiting is not okay if you have diabetes and notice changes in your vision. If you have type 2 diabetes, even if you don't have any symptoms of eye disease, you still need to have your eyes and vision checked regularly by an eye specialist ophthalmologist or optometrist.

If you wait until you have symptoms, it's more likely that complications and severe damage to the retina will have already happened. These may be harder to treat. You could end up with permanent vision loss. If you have type 1 diabetes, are age 10 or older, and were diagnosed 5 or more years ago, you should have your eyes checked even if you don't have symptoms.

If you wait until you have symptoms, it's more likely that complications and severe damage to the retina will have happened. And the damage may be permanent. Watchful waiting is not an option if you already have diabetic retinopathy but don't have symptoms or vision loss.

You will need to go back to your ophthalmologist for frequent checkups every few months in some cases so that your doctor can closely monitor changes in your eyes.

There is no cure for the disease. But treatment can slow its progression. Your ophthalmologist can tell you how often you need to be checked. Diabetic retinopathy can be detected during a dilated eye examination by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. An examination by your primary doctor, during which your eyes are not dilated, is not an adequate substitute for a full examination done by an ophthalmologist or optometrist.

Eye examinations for people with diabetes can include:. Your doctor may also do a test called an optical coherence tomography OCT to check for fluid in your retina.

Sometimes a fluorescein angiogram is done to check for and locate leaking blood vessels in the retina, especially if you have symptoms, such as blurred or distorted vision, that suggest damage to or swelling of the retina.

Fundus photography can track changes in the eye over time in people who have diabetic retinopathy and especially in those who have been treated for it.

Fundus photography produces accurate pictures of the back of the eye the fundus. An eye doctor can compare photographs taken at different times to watch the progression of the disease and find out how well treatment is working. But the photos do not take the place of a full eye examination.

Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy can help prevent vision loss. For people in whom diabetic retinopathy has not been diagnosed, Diabetes Canada recommends that screening be done based on the following guidelines:. Note: Pregnant women who develop gestational diabetes are not at risk for diabetic retinopathy and do not need to be screened for it.

But women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, which can put them at increased risk for retinopathy and other eye problems.

People who have diabetes are also at increased risk for other eye diseases, including glaucoma and cataracts. Regular dilated eye examinations can help detect these diseases early and prevent or delay vision loss.

There is no cure for diabetic retinopathy. But laser treatment photocoagulation is usually very effective at preventing vision loss if it is done before the retina has been severely damaged. Surgical removal of the vitreous gel vitrectomy may also help improve vision if the retina has not been severely damaged.

Sometimes injections of an anti-VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor medicine or an anti-inflammatory medicine help to shrink new blood vessels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Because symptoms may not develop until the disease becomes severe, early detection through regular screening is important.

The earlier retinopathy is detected, the easier it is to treat and the more likely vision will be preserved. You may need treatment for diabetic retinopathy if:. If the macula has been damaged by macular edema , anti-VEGF medicine, such as aflibercept or ranibizumab, may help.

Steroids may be injected into the eye. Sometimes an implant, such as Iluvien, may be placed in the eye to release a small amount of corticosteroid over time.

If the retina hasn't been severely damaged, laser treatment or vitrectomy may help with macular edema. Surgical removal of the vitreous gel vitrectomy is done when there is bleeding vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment , which are rare in people with early-stage retinopathy.

Vitrectomy is also done when severe scar tissue has formed. Treatment for diabetic retinopathy is often very effective in preventing, delaying, or reducing vision loss.

But it is not a cure for the disease. People who have been treated for diabetic retinopathy need to be monitored frequently by an eye doctor to check for new changes in their eyes. Many people with diabetic retinopathy need to be treated more than once as the condition gets worse.

Also, controlling your blood sugar levels is always important. This is true even if you have been treated for diabetic retinopathy and your eyes are better.

In fact, good blood sugar control is especially important in this case so that you can help keep your retinopathy from getting worse. People with diabetes who have any signs of retinopathy need to be examined as soon as possible by an ophthalmologist.

There are steps you can take to reduce your chance of vision loss from diabetic retinopathy and its complications:. The risk for severe retinopathy and vision loss may be even less if you:. Surgical treatment for diabetic retinopathy is removal of the vitreous gel vitrectomy.

Vitrectomy does not cure the disease. But it may improve vision in people who have developed bleeding into the vitreous gel vitreous hemorrhage , retinal detachment , or severe scar tissue formation.

Unfortunately, by the time some people are diagnosed with retinopathy especially late-stage retinopathy , it is often too late for vitrectomy to provide much benefit.

Even with treatment, vision may continue to decline. Early detection of retinopathy through dilated eye examinations can help you decide to have surgery when it is most effective. After a person has had most of the vitreous gel removed by vitrectomy, surgery to remove scar tissue or to repair a new retinal detachment may be needed.

Vitrectomy is usually done as an outpatient surgery. Laser treatment photocoagulation can be an effective treatment for diabetic retinopathy. But it does not cure the disease. It can prevent, delay, and sometimes reverse vision loss. Without either laser treatment or surgery, vision loss caused by diabetic retinopathy and its complications may get worse until blindness occurs.

So early treatment is vital to slowing vision loss, which can happen quickly. When diabetic retinopathy causes bleeding hemorrhage into the vitreous gel , extensive scar tissue formation, or retinal detachment , surgical removal of the vitreous gel vitrectomy may be needed before laser treatment is considered.

Unfortunately, by the time some people are diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, it is often too late for treatment to provide much benefit.

Even with treatment, vision will continue to decline. Early detection of retinopathy through dilated eye examinations can provide the opportunity to have laser treatment when it is most effective.

Laser photocoagulation uses the heat from a laser to seal or destroy abnormal, leaking blood vessels in the retina. It can cause the abnormal, weak blood vessels to shrink. Some anti-VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor medicines, such as aflibercept and ranibizumab, can help treat macular edema from diabetic retinopathy.

Pan-retinal laser treatment is used to treat several spots on the retina during one or, most often, two sessions. It reduces the risk of serious bleeding and the progression of severe proliferative retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation can result in some loss of vision, because it destroys some of the nerve cells in the retina and can cause the abnormal blood vessels to go away.

With pan-retinal photocoagulation, this most often affects the outside peripheral vision, because the laser is directed at that area. Your vision may be worse right after treatment. But vision loss caused by laser treatment is mild compared with the vision loss that may be caused by untreated retinopathy.

Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review: Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine Donald Sproule MDCM, CCFP - Family Medicine Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine Carol L. Karp MD - Ophthalmology. Author: Healthwise Staff. This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information.

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